Quick Revision Notes: Resources and Development (संसाधन एवं विकास)

Class 10 Social Science (Geography) | MP Board Revision Sheet

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1. Definition of Resource (संसाधन)

A Resource is everything available in our environment that satisfies human needs, provided it is:

• Technologically Accessible (प्रौद्योगिकी रूप से सुलभ)
• Economically Feasible (आर्थिक रूप से सम्भाव्य)
• Culturally Acceptable (सांस्कृतिक रूप से मान्य)

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2. Classification of Resources (संसाधनों का वर्गीकरण)

A. On the Basis of Origin (उत्पत्ति के आधार पर)

1. Biotic Resources (जैविक): Obtained from the biosphere; have life.
   • Examples: Humans, flora, fauna, fisheries, livestock.
2. Abiotic Resources (अजैविक): Composed of non-living things.
   • Examples: Rocks, metals, air, water.

B. On the Basis of Exhaustibility (समाप्यता के आधार पर)

1. Renewable Resources (नवीकरण योग्य): Can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical, or mechanical processes.
   • Examples: Solar and wind energy, water, forests, wildlife.
2. Non-Renewable Resources (अनवीकरण योग्य): Occur over a very long geological time; cannot be regenerated quickly.
   • Examples: Minerals, fossil fuels (coal, petroleum).

C. On the Basis of Ownership (स्वामित्व के आधार पर)

1. Individual Resources (व्यक्तिगत): Owned privately by individuals.
   • Examples: Plots, houses, private wells, pastures.
2. Community Owned Resources (सामुदायिक): Accessible to all members of the community.
   • Examples: Public parks, village ponds, burial grounds, playgrounds.
3. National Resources (राष्ट्रीय): Technically, all resources belonging to the nation within political boundaries and oceanic area up to 12 nautical miles (22.2 km) from the coast.
   • Examples: Roads, railways, forests, canal water.
4. International Resources (अंतरराष्ट्रीय): Regulated by international institutions beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ). No single country can use them without concurrence.

D. On the Basis of Status of Development (विकास के स्तर के आधार पर)

1. Potential Resources (संभावित): Found in a region but not yet utilized due to lack of technology or investment.
   • Example: Solar energy in Rajasthan and Gujarat.
2. Developed Resources (विकसित): Surveyed, quantified, and evaluated for utilization.
3. Stock (भंडार): Materials in the environment having potential to satisfy human needs, but humans lack appropriate technology to use them.
   • Example: Extracting hydrogen gas from water ($H_2O$) on a large commercial scale.
4. Reserves (संचित कोष): Subset of stock which can be put into use with existing technical know-how but execution has not been started on a large scale.
   • Example: Water in dams, forest wealth.

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3. Sustainable Development & Global Summits

• Sustainable Development (सतत पोषणीय विकास): Development should take place without damaging the environment, and present development should not compromise the needs of future generations.
• Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit (1992): Held in Brazil; first International Earth Summit attended by over 100 heads of states.
• Agenda 21: Signed at Rio Earth Summit to achieve global sustainable development, combat environmental damage, poverty, and disease through global cooperation.

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4. Resource Planning in India (भारत में संसाधन नियोजन)

Resource planning is a complex process involving 3 steps:

1. Identification and Inventory: Surveying, mapping, qualitative and quantitative estimation of resources.
2. Planning Structure: Developing appropriate technology, skill, and institutional set-up.
3. Matching Plans: Aligning resource development plans with overall national development plans.

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5. Land Resources & Utilization in India

India’s Geographical Area Distribution:

• Plains (मैदान): $43%$ (Provides land for agriculture and industry)
• Mountains (पर्वत): $30%$ (Ensures perennial river flow, tourism, ecology)
• Plateaus (पठार): $27%$ (Rich reserve of minerals, fossil fuels, forests)

Land Utilization Categories:

• Net Sown Area (शुद्ध बोया गया क्षेत्र): Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as Gross Cropped Area.
• Fallow Land (परती भूमि): Land left uncultivated to regain fertility (Current fallow: Left uncultivated for 1 or less than 1 agricultural year).

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6. Land Degradation & Conservation Measures

Causes of Land Degradation:

• Mining & Quarrying: Jharkand, Chhattisgarh, Madhya Pradesh, Odisha.
• Overgrazing: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra.
• Over-irrigation (Salinity/Alkalinity): Punjab, Haryana, Western UP.
• Industrial Effluents: Water and land pollution caused by untreated liquid waste.

Conservation Measures (संरक्षण के उपाय):

• Afforestation (वृक्षारोपण) and proper management of grazing lands.
• Planting of shelter belts (रक्षक मेखला) of plants.
• Stabilization of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes.
• Proper treatment and disposal of industrial effluents.

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7. Major Soils of India (भारत की प्रमुख मृदाएं)

Soil Type (मृदा का प्रकार)	Characteristics & Features	Found in Regions	Crop Suitability
Alluvial Soil (जलोढ़ मृदा)	Highly fertile; contains potash, phosphoric acid, and lime. Divided into Bangar (old) and Khadar (new).	Northern Plains, coastal deltas (Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Kaveri).	Sugarcane, Paddy, Wheat, Pulses.
Black Soil / Regur (काली मृदा)	Fine clayey material; high moisture retention capacity; rich in calcium carbonate, magnesium, potash; develops deep cracks in summer (self-aeration).	Deccan Trap region, Madhya Pradesh (Malwa Plateau), Maharashtra, Gujarat.	Cotton (कपास), Soybean.
Red & Yellow Soil (लाल एवं पीली मृदा)	Reddish color due to diffusion of iron in crystalline/metamorphic rocks; yellow when hydrated.	Low rainfall areas of Deccan Plateau, Odisha, Chhattisgarh.	Millets, Pulses, Wheat.
Laterite Soil (लैटेराइट मृदा)	Result of intense leaching due to heavy rain; low humus content; acidic in nature.	Western Ghats, Meghalaya, Odisha, parts of MP.	Tea, Coffee, Cashew nut.
Arid Soil (मरुस्थली मृदा)	Sandy texture, saline in nature; lacks humus and moisture; high salt content.	Western Rajasthan.	Barley, Bajra, Pulses (with irrigation).
Forest/Mountain Soil (पर्वतीय मृदा)	Loamy and silty in valley sides, coarse-grained in upper slopes; acidic with low humus in snow areas.	Himalayan region, Jammu & Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Sikkim.	Fruits, Tea, Spices.

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8. Difference: Bangar vs. Khadar Soil (Important MP Board Question)

Feature	Bangar (बांगड़)	Khadar (खादर)
Age	Old Alluvial Soil	New Alluvial Soil
Kankar Concentration	High concentration of Kankar nodules	Low concentration of Kankar nodules
Fertility	Less fertile compared to Khadar	Highly fertile
Deposition	Found far from river channels (higher terraces)	Found near river channels/flood plains

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9. Soil Erosion & Soil Conservation

Types of Soil Erosion (मृदा अपरदन):

• Gully Erosion (अवनालिका अपरदन): Running water cuts through clayey soils making deep channels called gullies. Bad land formed in the Chambal basin is called Ravines (बीहड़) — Key Topic for MP Board!
• Sheet Erosion (चादर अपरदन): Top layer of soil is washed away over a large area by flowing water.
• Wind Erosion (पवन अपरदन): Wind blows loose soil off flat or sloping land.

Soil Conservation Methods (मृदा संरक्षण की विधियां):

1. Contour Ploughing (समुच्च जुताई): Ploughing along contour lines to decelerate water flow down slopes.
2. Terrace Farming (सोपानी/सीढ़ीदार कृषि): Steps cut on slopes to restrict erosion; common in Western/Central Himalayas.
3. Strip Cropping (पट्टी कृषि): Strips of grass left to grow between crops to break the force of the wind.
4. Shelter Belts (रक्षक मेखला): Rows of trees planted to check wind speed, crucial for desert stabilization.