Matter in Our Surroundings

Physical Nature of Matter
- Made up of Particles
  - Extremely small size
- Characteristics of Particles
  - Have spaces between them
  - Are continuously moving (Kinetic Energy)
  - Attract each other (Intermolecular Force)
States of Matter
- Solid State
  - Fixed shape and volume
  - Incompressible
  - High rigidity
- Liquid State
  - Fixed volume, no fixed shape
  - Fluidity (flows)
  - Slight compressibility
- Gaseous State
  - No fixed shape or volume
  - Highly compressible
  - Maximum fluidity and diffusion
Effect of Temperature on States
- Melting (Fusion)
  - Solid to Liquid
  - Melting Point
  - Latent Heat of Fusion
- Vaporization / Boiling
  - Liquid to Gas
  - Boiling Point
  - Latent Heat of Vaporization
- Sublimation
  - Solid directly to Gas (e.g., Camphor, Dry Ice)
  - Deposition (Gas to Solid)
Effect of Pressure on States
- Applying pressure brings particles closer
- Liquefaction of gases (e.g., Compressed Natural Gas - CNG, Liquefied Petroleum Gas - LPG, Dry Ice / Solid $CO_2$)
Evaporation
- Surface phenomenon
- Occurs below boiling point
- Causes cooling
- Factors affecting Evaporation
  - Temperature (Increases rate)
  - Surface Area (Increases rate)
  - Humidity (Decreases rate)
  - Wind Speed (Increases rate)

Matter in Our Surroundings Mind Map