Data Handling

• Basic Concepts

  • Data: Information collected in numerical form
  • Raw Data: Unorganised data gathered initially
  • Frequency: Number of times a particular observation occurs
  • Tally Marks: Marks used to count and organize frequency

• Organising Data

  • Frequency Distribution Table: Tabular arrangement of data
  • Grouped Data: Data organized into specific class groups
  • Class Interval: Specific range of numbers (e.g., 10-20)
    • Lower Class Limit: Smallest number in interval
    • Upper Class Limit: Largest number in interval
    • Class Width / Size: Difference between upper and lower limit

• Graphical Representation

  • Bar Graph: Bars of uniform width with equal gaps
  • Double Bar Graph: Compares two sets of data side-by-side
  • Histogram
    • Represents grouped/continuous data
    • Rectangular bars with no gaps between them
  • Pie Chart (Circle Graph)
    • Shows relation between a whole and its parts
    • Division into circular sectors
    • Central Angle Formula: (Value of component / Total value) × 360°

• Chance and Probability

  • Random Experiment: Activity with unpredictable exact outcomes (e.g., Tossing a coin)
  • Outcomes: Possible results of an experiment
  • Equally Likely Outcomes: Outcomes having equal chance of occurring
  • Event: Collection of one or more outcomes
  • Probability Formula: P(E) = (Number of favourable outcomes) / (Total number of outcomes)
  • Probability Value: Always lies between 0 (Impossible) and 1 (Certain)