Molecular Basis of Inheritance Mind Map
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Visual Mind Map & Concept Tree (English)
Structured concept hierarchy, subtopic relationships, and exam revision tree.
Molecular Basis of Inheritance
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Introduction
- Genetic Material in Organisms
- DNA vs RNA
- Search for Genetic Material
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The DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid)
- Structure of DNA
- Polynucleotide Chain
- Nucleotide Components
- Nitrogenous Bases (Purines: Adenine, Guanine; Pyrimidines: Cytosine, Thymine)
- Pentose Sugar (Deoxyribose)
- Phosphate Group
- Watson and Crick Model (Double Helix)
- Antiparallel Strands (5' to 3' and 3' to 5')
- Complementary Base Pairing (A=T, GтЙбC)
- Packaging of DNA Helix
- Euchromatin vs Heterochromatin
- Histone Octamer & Nucleosome
- Non-Histone Chromosomal Proteins
- Structure of DNA
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Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
- Replication (DNA $\rightarrow$ DNA)
- Transcription (DNA $\rightarrow$ mRNA)
- Translation (mRNA $\rightarrow$ Protein)
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DNA Replication
- Semi-conservative Mode (Meselson and Stahl Experiment)
- Machinery and Enzymes
- DNA Polymerase
- Helicase & Primase
- Ligase
- Mechanism
- Leading Strand (Continuous)
- Lagging Strand (Okazaki Fragments)
- Replication Fork
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Transcription
- Transcription Unit
- Promoter
- Structural Gene
- Terminator
- Mechanism in Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
- Initiation, Elongation, Termination
- Role of RNA Polymerase
- Post-Transcriptional Modifications (Splicing, Capping, Tailing in Eukaryotes)
- Transcription Unit
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Genetic Code
- Salient Features
- Triplet Code
- Universal & Degenerate
- Non-overlapping & Commaless
- Initiation (AUG) & Termination Codons (UAA, UAG, UGA)
- Mutations and Genetic Code (Point Mutations e.g., Sickle Cell Anemia)
- Salient Features
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Translation
- Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
- Activation of Amino Acids
- Charging of tRNA (Aminoacylation)
- Initiation, Elongation, and Termination on Ribosomes
- Mechanism of Protein Synthesis
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Regulation of Gene Expression
- Operon Concept
- Lac Operon (Prokaryotic Model)
- Structural Genes ($z, y, a$)
- Regulator Gene ($i$)
- Inducer (Lactose)
- Switch ON and OFF Mechanism
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Human Genome Project (HGP)
- Goals and Methodologies
- Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)
- Sequence Annotation
- Salient Features of Human Genome
- Applications and Future Challenges
- Goals and Methodologies
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DNA Fingerprinting
- Principle
- VNTRs (Variable Number of Tandem Repeats)
- Polymorphism
- Steps
- Isolation $\rightarrow$ Digestion $\rightarrow$ Separation (Southern Blotting) $\rightarrow$ Hybridization $\rightarrow$ Autoradiography
- Applications (Forensics, Paternity Testing, Population Genetics)
- Principle