Structural Organisation in Animals Mind Map
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Visual Mind Map & Concept Tree (English)
Structured concept hierarchy, subtopic relationships, and exam revision tree.
Structural Organisation in Animals
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Animal Tissues
- Epithelial Tissue
- Simple Epithelium
- Squamous (e.g., blood vessels, alveoli)
- Cuboidal (e.g., nephrons, ducts of glands)
- Columnar (e.g., lining of stomach, intestine)
- Ciliated (e.g., bronchioles, fallopian tubes)
- Compound Epithelium
- Multi-layered
- Protective function (e.g., skin surface)
- Glandular Epithelium
- Unicellular (e.g., goblet cells)
- Multicellular (e.g., salivary glands)
- Cell Junctions
- Tight junctions (stop leakage)
- Adhering junctions (cementing)
- Gap junctions (rapid communication)
- Simple Epithelium
- Connective Tissue
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar tissue (beneath skin)
- Adipose tissue (fat storage)
- Dense Connective Tissue
- Dense regular (tendons, ligaments)
- Dense irregular (skin)
- Specialized Connective Tissue
- Cartilage (solid, pliable; e.g., tip of nose)
- Bone (hard, non-pliable; skeletal support)
- Blood (fluid connective tissue, circulation)
- Loose Connective Tissue
- Muscle Tissue
- Skeletal Muscle (Striated, voluntary)
- Smooth Muscle (Unstriated, involuntary, visceral)
- Cardiac Muscle (Striated, branched, involuntary, intercalated discs)
- Neural Tissue
- Neurons (Structural and functional units)
- Neuroglial cells (Protect and support neurons)
- Epithelial Tissue
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Organ and Organ System
- Organ level (Complex integration of tissues)
- Organ System level (Coordinated physiological functions for survival)
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Earthworm (Pheretima posthuma)
- Morphology
- Long, cylindrical, reddish-brown
- Metamerically segmented (100тАУ120 segments)
- Dorsal and ventral surfaces; clitellum (segments 14тАУ16)
- Anatomy & Physiology
- Digestive System (Straight alimentary canal, buccal cavity, gizzard, typhlosole)
- Circulatory System (Closed type, heart loops, blood glands)
- Respiratory System (Moist body wall for cutaneous respiration)
- Excretory System (Segmental nephridia: pharyngeal, septal, integumentary)
- Nervous System (Ventral nerve cord, cerebral ganglia)
- Reproductive System (Hermaphrodite; testes, ovaries, spermathecae, cocoon formation)
- Morphology
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Cockroach (Periplaneta americana)
- Morphology
- Segmented body, chitinous exoskeleton (sclerites)
- Three regions: Head, Thorax, Abdomen
- Head: Compound eyes, antennae, biting-chewing mouthparts
- Thorax: Prothorax, mesothorax, metathorax; two pairs of wings, three pairs of legs
- Abdomen: 10 segments in both sexes; anal cerci
- Anatomy & Physiology
- Digestive System (Foregut, midgut, hindgut, gizzard, hepatic caeca)
- Circulatory System (Open type, haemolymph, 13-chambered heart, alary muscles)
- Respiratory System (Network of trachea, spiracles for gaseous exchange)
- Excretory System (Malpighian tubules, uricotelic)
- Nervous System (Fused ganglia, ventral nerve cord, supra-oesophageal ganglion)
- Reproductive System (Dioecious; male and female reproductive organs, oothecae development)
- Morphology
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Frog (Rana tigrina)
- Morphology
- Amphibian lifestyle (land and water)
- Smooth, moist skin (mucus secretion for camouflage and respiration)
- Body divided into Head and Trunk (neck and tail absent)
- Sexual dimorphism (male vocal sacs, copulatory pads on forelimbs)
- Anatomy & Physiology
- Digestive System (Complete alimentary canal, short alimentary tract due to carnivory, liver, pancreas)
- Respiratory System (Cutaneous respiration in water, pulmonary respiration on land, buccal respiration)
- Circulatory System (Closed type, 3-chambered heart: 2 atria, 1 ventricle; sinus venosus, conus arteriosus, hepatic portal system)
- Excretory System (Mesonephric kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, ureotelic)
- Control & Coordination (Brain, spinal cord, cranial/spinal nerves, well-developed sense organs: eyes, tympanum)
- Reproductive System (Dioecious; male testes, female ovaries, external fertilization, aquatic development via tadpole larva)
- Morphology