Locomotion and Movement

• Introduction
  • Locomotion vs Movement
  • Importance and types of movement (amoeboid, ciliary, muscular)
• Types of Movement
  • Amoeboid movement (e.g., macrophages, leucocytes)
  • Ciliary movement (e.g., trachea, fallopian tubes)
  • Muscular movement (e.g., limbs, jaws, tongue)
• Muscle
  • Properties (Excitability, Contractility, Extensibility, Elasticity)
  • Types of Muscles
    • Skeletal muscle (Striated, voluntary)
    • Visceral muscle (Smooth, non-striated, involuntary)
    • Cardiac muscle (Striated, branched, involuntary)
  • Structure of Skeletal Muscle
    • Muscle bundle (Fascicle)
    • Muscle fibers (Muscle cells)
    • Sarcolemma and Sarcoplasm
    • Myofilaments (Actin and Myosin)
  • Mechanism of Muscle Contraction
    • Sliding Filament Theory
    • Role of Calcium ions ($Ca^{2+}$) and ATP
    • Cross-bridge formation
    • Rigor mortis
• Skeletal System
  • Functions (Support, protection, movement, blood cell formation)
  • Axial Skeleton (80 bones)
    • Skull (Cranial and Facial bones)
    • Vertebral column (26 vertebrae)
    • Sternum and Ribs (True, False, Floating ribs)
  • Appendicular Skeleton (126 bones)
    • Pectoral girdle (Clavicle, Scapula)
    • Pelvic girdle (Coxal bones)
    • Limbs (Forelimbs and Hindlimbs)
  • Joints
    • Fibrous joints (Fixed/Immovable, e.g., sutures)
    • Cartilaginous joints (Slightly movable, e.g., vertebrae)
    • Synovial joints (Freely movable, e.g., hinge, ball and socket)
• Disorders of Muscular and Skeletal System
  • Myasthenia gravis (Autoimmune neuromuscular junction disorder)
  • Muscular dystrophy (Genetic progressive degeneration of skeletal muscle)
  • Tetany (Rapid spasms due to low $Ca^{2+}$ in body fluid)
  • Arthritis (Inflammation of joints)
  • Osteoporosis (Age-related decrease in bone mass, fracture risk)
  • Gout (Inflammation of joints due to uric acid accumulation)