Body Fluids and Circulation Mind Map
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Visual Mind Map & Concept Tree (English)
Structured concept hierarchy, subtopic relationships, and exam revision tree.
Body Fluids and Circulation
- Blood
- Plasma
- Straw colored, viscous fluid (~55% of blood)
- Water (90-92%)
- Proteins (6-8%): Fibrinogen, Globulins, Albumins
- Minerals and nutrients
- Formed Elements (~45% of blood)
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Enucleated, biconcave, contain hemoglobin
- Transport $O_2$ and $CO_2$
- Lifespan: 120 days (formed in red bone marrow)
- Leucocytes (WBCs)
- Nucleated, amoeboid
- Granulocytes: Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils
- Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes, Monocytes
- Function: Immune defense and phagocytosis
- Platelets (Thrombocytes)
- Cell fragments from megakaryocytes
- Function: Blood clotting (coagulation)
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Plasma
- Blood Groups
- ABO Grouping
- Based on surface antigens ($A$ and $B$) on RBCs
- Types: $A$, $B$, $AB$, $O$
- Universal Donor: $O$
- Universal Recipient: $AB$
- Rh Grouping
- Based on Rh antigen (positive or negative)
- Erythroblastosis fetalis: Rh incompatibility in pregnancy ($Rh^-$ mother, $Rh^+$ fetus)
- ABO Grouping
- Coagulation of Blood
- Cascade mechanism involving thromboplastin
- Conversion of inactive fibrinogen to active fibrin by thrombin
- Formation of mesh trapping formed elements (clot)
- Lymph (Tissue Fluid)
- Filtered blood plasma lacking large proteins and RBCs
- Drained into lymphatic system
- Function: Immune response and absorption of fats in lacteals
- Circulatory Pathways
- Open Circulatory System: Arthropods and molluscs (blood pumped into open spaces/sinuses)
- Closed Circulatory System: Annelids and chordates (blood confined to vessels)
- Patterns of Heart
- Single Circulation: Fishes (2-chambered heart)
- Incomplete Double Circulation: Amphibians and reptiles (3-chambered heart)
- Double Circulation: Birds and mammals (4-chambered heart)
- Human Circulatory System
- Heart Structure
- 4-chambered (2 atria, 2 ventricles)
- Interatrial and interventricular septa
- Valves: Tricuspid, Bicuspid (Mitral), Semilunar valves
- Nodal Tissue: SA node (pacemaker), AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers
- Cardiac Cycle
- Sequential events in a heart beat (~0.8 seconds)
- Joint Diastole: All chambers relaxed, blood flows into ventricles
- Atrial Systole: Atria contract, pushing 30% more blood into ventricles
- Ventricular Systole: Ventricles contract, closing AV valves and opening semilunar valves
- Cardiac Output: Stroke volume $\times$ Heart rate (~5 liters/min)
- Electrocardiograph (ECG)
- Graphical representation of electrical activity of heart
- P-wave: Depolarization of atria
- QRS complex: Depolarization of ventricles (onset of systole)
- T-wave: Repolarization of ventricles (return to normal)
- Heart Structure
- Double Circulation Pathway
- Pulmonary Circulation: Right ventricle $\rightarrow$ Lungs $\rightarrow$ Left atrium
- Systemic Circulation: Left ventricle $\rightarrow$ Tissues $\rightarrow$ Right atrium
- Hepatic Portal System: Unique vascular connection between digestive tract and liver
- Regulation of Cardiac Activity
- Neural Regulation: Medulla oblongata via Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
- Hormonal Regulation: Adrenal medullary hormones (adrenaline/noradrenaline)
- Disorders of Circulatory System
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension): Blood pressure higher than 120/80 mmHg
- Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) / Atherosclerosis: Deposition of calcium, fat, cholesterol affecting blood vessels to heart muscles
- Angina: Acute chest pain due to inadequate $O_2$ to heart muscle
- Heart Failure: Heart not pumping blood effectively enough to meet body needs (Congestive heart failure)