Chapter: Development (Economics - Class 10)

• What Development Promises

  • Different people, different goals
  • Income as a major requirement
  • Non-materialistic goals
    • Freedom
    • Security
    • Equal treatment
    • Respect
  • Conflicting development goals (e.g., dams vs. displaced tribals)

• Income and Other Goals

  • Material things vs. Non-material things
  • Importance of a mix of goals
  • National development meaning and perspectives

• How to Compare Countries?

  • Role of Total Income
  • Limitations of total income (population differences)
  • Average Income (Per Capita Income)
    • Total income divided by total population
    • Used by the World Bank for classification
  • Limitations of Average Income
    • Hides disparities and inequalities
    • Ignores non-material aspects (health, education)

• Income and Other Criteria

  • Case Study: Kerala vs. Haryana
  • Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)
  • Literacy Rate
  • Net Attendance Ratio
  • Need for public facilities (PDS, sanitation)

• Public Facilities

  • Why money cannot buy everything
  • Essential shared services
    • Pollution-free environment
    • Protection from infectious diseases
    • Quality education

• Human Development Report (HDR)

  • Published by UNDP
  • Comparison based on multiple criteria:
    • Per Capita Income
    • Educational levels
    • Health status (Life Expectancy)
  • HDI (Human Development Index) ranking

• Sustainability of Development

  • Meaning of Sustainable Development
  • Meeting present needs without compromising the future
  • Examples of resource depletion:
    • Groundwater overuse in India
    • Exhaustion of crude oil reserves
  • Concluding message: Conscientious use of resources for intergenerational equity