Chapter: Acids, Bases and Salts

Definition and Types

• Acids
  • Definition: Release H+ ions in aqueous solutions
  • Strong Acids: Completely dissociate in water (e.g. HCl, H2SO4)
  • Weak Acids: Partially dissociate in water (e.g. CH3COOH, HNO3)
• Bases
  • Definition: Release OH- ions in aqueous solutions
  • Strong Bases: Completely dissociate in water (e.g. NaOH, KOH)
  • Weak Bases: Partially dissociate in water (e.g. NH4OH, Ba(OH)2)

pH Scale and Acidic Nature

• pH Scale: Measures H+ ion concentration (0-14)
• Acidic Nature: pH < 7 (e.g. stomach acid, vinegar)
• Basic Nature: pH > 7 (e.g. baking soda, soap)

Properties of Salts

• Formation: Neutralization of acids and bases
• Types: Sodium chloride (NaCl), Calcium carbonate (CaCO3), etc.
• Properties: Solubility, Melting point, Boiling point

Chemical Tests for Acids and Bases

• Litmus Test: Red for acids, blue for bases
• Milk Test: Curdles for acids, no reaction for bases
• Burette Method: Measures volume of acid or base

Industrial Applications

• Fertilizers: Use acids and bases to produce fertilizers
• Paper Industry: Uses acids and bases to produce paper
• Cleaning Agents: Uses acids and bases to produce cleaning agents