📝 Chapter Notes & Revision

Industries

🏫 MP BoardClass 8Social Science

📐 Formula & Cheat Sheet (English)

Quick Revision Notes: Class 8 Social Science (Geography)

Chapter: Industries

1. Introduction to Industries

  • Industry: Refers to an economic activity that is concerned with production of goods (e.g., iron and steel industry), extraction of minerals (e.g., coal mining industry), or provision of services (e.g., tourism industry).
  • Industrial Revolution: The rapid development of industry that brought about in Britain in the late 18th century and spread elsewhere, marked by the use of machinery and the factory system.

2. Classification of Industries

Industries are generally classified on the basis of raw materials, size, and ownership.

A. On the Basis of Raw Materials

  • Agro-based Industries: Use plant and animal-based products as raw materials.
    • Examples: Food processing, vegetable oil, cotton textile, dairy products, leather industry.
  • Mineral-based Industries: Primary industries that use mineral ores as their raw materials.
    • Examples: Iron and steel, heavy machinery, cement.
  • Marine-based Industries: Use products from oceans and seas as raw materials.
    • Examples: Processing seafood, manufacturing fish oil.
  • Forest-based Industries: Utilize forest produce as raw materials.
    • Examples: Pulp and paper, pharmaceuticals, furniture, match industry.

B. On the Basis of Size

Size refers to the amount of capital invested, number of people employed, and volume of production.

  • Cottage / Household Industries: A type of small-scale industry where products are manufactured by hand, by the artisans at home.
    • Examples: Basket weaving, pottery, handloom.
  • Small-scale Industries: Use a lesser amount of capital and technology. Power-driven machines are used.
    • Examples: Silk weaving, production of garments, toys.
  • Large-scale Industries: Require huge capital investment, superior technology, and a large workforce.
    • Examples: Production of automobiles, heavy machinery, iron and steel.

C. On the Basis of Ownership

  • Private Sector Industries: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals.
    • Examples: Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO), Reliance Industries.
  • Public Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the government.
    • Examples: Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL), Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL).
  • Joint Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the state and individuals or a group of individuals.
    • Examples: Oil India Limited (OIL).
  • Cooperative Sector Industries: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both.
    • Examples: Anand Milk Union Limited (AMUL), Sudha Dairy.

3. Factors Affecting the Location of Industries

Industries are not located everywhere; their location is influenced by the availability of several factors:

  • Raw Materials: Easy and cheap availability of raw materials.
  • Land: Flat and cheap land for setting up factories.
  • Water: Adequate water supply for cooling, processing, and disposal.
  • Labour: Availability of skilled and unskilled labor.
  • Power: Continuous supply of electricity and fuel.
  • Capital: Money invested for infrastructure and running the business.
  • Transport: Well-connected roads, railways, and ports to move goods.
  • Markets: Proximity to consumers to sell finished products.

4. Industrial System

An industrial system consists of inputs, processes, and outputs.

  • Inputs: Raw materials, cost of land, labour, power supply, transport, and other infrastructure.
  • Processes: Includes a wide range of activities that convert the raw material into finished goods (e.g., spinning, weaving, dyeing).
  • Outputs: The end product and the income earned from it (e.g., a finished shirt, revenue).

5. Industrial Regions

Industrial regions emerge when a number of industries locate close to each other and share the benefits of their closeness.

  • Major Global Industrial Regions:
    • Eastern North America
    • Western and Central Europe
    • Eastern Europe
    • Eastern Asia
  • Major Industrial Regions in India:
    • Mumbai-Pune cluster
    • Bangalore-Chennai belt
    • Ahmedabad-Baroda region
    • Hugli region
    • Chota Nagpur industrial belt
    • Gurgaon-Delhi-Meerut region
    • Kollam-Thiruvananthapuram region

6. Distribution of Major Industries

The world's major industries are the iron and steel industry (an old industry), the textile industry (a semi-mature industry), and the information technology industry (an emerging industry).

A. Iron and Steel Industry

  • Often called the backbone of modern industry because almost everything is either made of iron or steel or has been tools and machinery made of these.
  • Inputs: Iron ore, coal, limestone, manganese, labour, capital, site, and other infrastructure.
  • Process: Conversion of iron ore into steel by smelting in a blast furnace.
  • Important Steel Centers:
    • Global: Pittsburgh (USA), Essen (Germany), Sheffield (UK), Yawata (Japan).
    • India: Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), Rourkela (Odisha), Durgapur (West Bengal), Bhilai (Chhattisgarh), Bokaro (Jharkhand), Burnpur (West Bengal), Visakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh), Bhadravati (Karnataka).

B. Cotton Textile Industry

  • Involves the production of cloth from cotton fiber. One of the oldest industries in the world.
  • Key processes: Ginning -> Spinning -> Weaving -> Dyeing -> Printing.
  • Important Centers:
    • Global: Manchester (UK), Osaka (Japan).
    • India: Mumbai (Maharashtra), Ahmedabad (Gujarat, often called the 'Manchester of India'), Coimbatore, Kanpur, Chennai.

C. Information Technology (IT) Industry

  • Deals in the storage, processing, and distribution of information.
  • Key Inputs: Telecom facilities, hardware, software, skilled workforce.
  • Major Hubs:
    • Global: Silicon Valley (California, USA).
    • India: Bengaluru (often called the 'Silicon Valley of India'), Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, Gurgaon, Noida.

Quick Review Tips for Exams (MP Board)

  1. Define clearly: Always learn the standard definitions of Industry, Agro-based, and Mineral-based industries.
  2. Distinguish between: Practice differences between Public and Private sector industries and Small-scale and Large-scale industries.
  3. Map-based preparation: Remember key industrial locations in India, especially Bengaluru (IT), Ahmedabad (Textile), and Jamshedpur (Iron and Steel).
  4. Flowcharts: Use the Input-Process-Output model flowchart in answers related to industrial systems to fetch extra marks.