MP Board · Class 9 · Science · TissuesWhat are complex permanent tissues? Explain the structural components and functional differences between Xylem and Phloem.

Complex permanent tissues are made up of more than one type of cell working together as a single unit to perform a specific, coordinated function in plants. The two main complex tissues are Xylem and Phloem:

1. Xylem: It is mainly responsible for the conduction of water and dissolved mineral ions unidirectionally from roots to leaves. Xylem consists of four components: Tracheids, Vessels, Xylem Parenchyma, and Xylem Fibres. Except for xylem parenchyma, all other components are dead at maturity. Tracheids and vessels form tubular structures for effective transport.
2. Phloem: It is responsible for transporting prepared organic food materials (photosynthates) bidirectionally from leaves to all other parts of the plant. Phloem consists of Sieve tubes, Companion cells, Phloem Fibres, and Phloem Parenchyma. Except for phloem fibres, all components are living. Thus, xylem primarily conducts water upwards, whereas phloem translocates nutrients in all directions.