MP Board · Class 12 · Physics · Electric Charges and FieldsState Gauss's law in electrostatics and express it mathematically.

Gauss's law states that the total electric flux passing through any closed surface (also known as a Gaussian surface) in free space is equal to $1/\varepsilon_0$ times the total net electric charge enclosed within that closed surface. Mathematically, it is represented as $\Phi_E = \oint \vec{E} \cdot d\vec{A} = \frac{q_{\text{enclosed}}}{\varepsilon_0}$, where $\varepsilon_0$ is the permittivity of free space.