MP Board · Class 12 · Biology · Reproductive HealthWhat are sexually transmitted infections (STIs)? Describe four major STIs, their causative agents, and preventive measures.

Introduction to Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)\nSexually transmitted infections (STIs), also historically referred to as Venereal Diseases (VD) or Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs), are infections that are transmitted primarily through sexual contact with an infected partner. They are caused by a diverse range of pathogens including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoans. While some STIs are completely curable if detected early and treated properly (such as bacterial infections), viral infections often remain lifelong conditions managed with antiviral therapies.

Major Sexually Transmitted Infections

1. Gonorrhea

   • Causative Agent: Neisseria gonorrhoeae (a bacterium).
   • Symptoms: Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the genitourinary tract, painful urination, and a thick, purulent discharge from the urethra in males and the vagina in females.
   • Complications: If left untreated, it can lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and infertility in women.

2. Syphilis

   • Causative Agent: Treponema pallidum (a spirochete bacterium).
   • Symptoms: Characterized by the appearance of a painless sore called a 'chancre' at the site of infection during the primary stage, followed by rashes, fever, and swollen lymph nodes in the secondary stage.
   • Complications: Advanced stages can cause severe neurological damage, cardiovascular complications, and even death.

3. Genital Herpes

   • Causative Agent: Herpes Simplex Virus - Type 2 (HSV-2).
   • Symptoms: Appearance of painful, fluid-filled blisters and ulcers on the external genitalia, perineum, and anal region, accompanied by itching, burning sensation, and flu-like symptoms.
   • Complications: The virus remains dormant in nerve ganglia and causes recurrent flare-ups. It is incurable, though symptoms can be managed.

4. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

   • Causative Agent: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a retrovirus.
   • Symptoms: Progressive destruction of the cell-mediated immune system, leading to opportunistic infections, severe weight loss, chronic diarrhea, and prolonged fever.
   • Complications: Ultimately fatal if untreated, as the body loses its ability to fight even mild infections.

Preventive Measures\nTo curb the transmission of STIs, the following public health measures should be strictly adopted:

• Avoiding sex with unknown partners or multiple partners.
• Always using barrier methods, such as condoms, during coitus.
• Seeking early medical consultation and detection upon noticing initial symptoms.
• Complete course of treatment if diagnosed with a curable STI.