MP Board · Class 10 · Social Science · History: Nationalism in IndiaExplain the major factors that led to the growth of nationalism in India during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. How did the First World War help in the growth of the national movement in India?

Introduction to Nationalism in India\nNationalism in India emerged as a powerful force during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, uniting people against colonial oppression. This feeling of collective belonging was forged through shared struggles, historical rediscovery, and opposition to British policies. The growth of nationalism was not a sudden phenomenon; rather, it was the culmination of various socio-economic, political, and cultural factors.

Key Factors Contributing to Nationalism

• Economic Exploitation: The British colonial rule systematically destroyed traditional Indian handicrafts, drained India's wealth, and imposed heavy taxes and tariffs. Land revenue demands were extremely high, plunging peasants into debt, poverty, and recurrent famines, which generated widespread economic discontent.
• Impact of Western Education: The introduction of Western education familiarized educated Indians with modern liberal ideas such as liberty, equality, fraternity, and democracy. Intellectuals began to question British rule and propagated these democratic values among the masses.
• Rediscovery of India's Past: Archaeological excavations and historical research by scholars revealed India's glorious ancient heritage in art, architecture, science, and philosophy. This restored national pride and confidence among Indians who were looked down upon by the British.
• Role of Press and Literature: Newspapers, journals, and regional literature played a crucial role in mobilizing public opinion. Nationalist leaders used the press to criticize unjust British policies and spread political awareness.

Role of the First World War\nThe First World War (1914–1918) created a new economic and political situation that profoundly impacted the Indian national movement:

• Defense Expenditure and Taxation: The war led to a massive increase in defense expenditure, which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes. Customs duties were raised, and income tax was introduced, causing severe financial hardship for common citizens.
• Price Rise: Prices doubled between 1913 and 1918, leading to extreme economic distress for the general population.
• Forced Recruitment: Villages were forced to supply soldiers for the British army, leading to widespread anger and resentment in rural areas.
• Crop Failures and Famine: During 1918–19 and 1920–21, crops failed in many parts of India, resulting in acute food shortages. This was accompanied by an influenza epidemic, causing millions of deaths.

Conclusion\nThus, the First World War created immense hardships for the Indian populace, while simultaneously fostering a deep sense of anti-British sentiment. This paved the way for Mahatma Gandhi's leadership and the subsequent mass movements that ultimately challenged the foundations of British imperialism.