MP Board · Class 10 · Social Science · Civics: FederalismDiscuss the two routes through which federations have been formed. Give examples for each.

Introduction to Formation of Federations\nFederal systems are usually formed by two main routes. The exact balance of power between the federal and the state government largely depends on the historical context in which the federation was formed.

Route 1: 'Coming Together' Federations

• Definition: In this first route, independent states come together on their own to form a bigger unit, so that by pooling sovereignty and retaining identity they can increase their security.
• Characteristics: In this category, all the constituent states usually have equal power and are strong vis-à-vis the federal government.
• Examples: The United States of America, Switzerland, and Australia are classic examples of coming together federations.
• Mechanism: Independent sovereign states voluntarily surrender a portion of their sovereignty to create a central governing body while keeping internal autonomy intact.

Route 2: 'Holding Together' Federations

• Definition: In the second route, a large country decides to divide its power between the constituent States and the national government.
• Characteristics: In this category, the central government tends to be more powerful vis-à-vis the States. Very often, different constituent units of the federation have unequal powers. Some units are granted special powers.
• Examples: India, Spain, and Belgium are prime examples of holding together federations.
• Mechanism: A unitary state reorganizes itself into a federation to accommodate regional, linguistic, or cultural diversity, ensuring that unity is maintained without suppressing regional identities.