Quick Revision Notes & Formula Sheet

Class: 10th Science
Chapter: Sustainable Management of Natural Resources (संवर्धनीय प्राकृतिक संसाधनों का प्रबंधन)

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### 1. Important Key Terms & Definitions

• Natural Resources (प्राकृतिक संसाधन): Resources provided by nature that are used by living organisms for survival and development (e.g., forests, wildlife, water, coal, petroleum).
• Sustainable Development (सतत विकास): Economic development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
• Biodiversity (जैव विविधता): The variety of life forms (plants, animals, microorganisms) found in a particular region. It is a measure of the health of an ecosystem.
• Pollution (प्रदूषण): The addition of unwanted, harmful substances into the environment (air, water, soil) that adversely affect living organisms.
• Afforestation (वनीकरण): The process of planting trees on lands where there were no forests previously to increase green cover.
• Deforestation (वनों की कटाई): Large-scale clearing of forests for human activities, leading to soil erosion, climate change, and loss of habitat.

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### 2. The 3 R’s to Save the Environment

To conserve our environment and manage natural resources sustainably, we must practice the 3 R's:

1. Reduce (कम उपयोग करना): Using fewer resources and avoiding wastage.
   • Example: Turning off unnecessary lights and fans, not wasting water, repairing leaking taps.
2. Reuse (पुनः उपयोग करना): Using things again and again instead of throwing them away.
   • Example: Using plastic bottles/jars for storing items, making envelopes from old newspapers.
3. Recycle (पुਨः चक्रण): Processing discarded waste materials to make new, useful products.
   • Example: Recycling plastic, paper, glass, and metal items.

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### 3. Why Do We Need Management of Natural Resources?

• Natural resources are limited in quantity.
• The human population is growing rapidly, leading to a high demand for resources.
• Proper management ensures that resources are conserved for future generations, not just exploited for short-term gains.
• It helps in reducing environmental pollution and maintaining ecological balance.

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### 4. Forests and Wildlife Management

• Biodiversity Hotspots: Regions rich in endemic species (species found exclusively in a particular area) but under constant threat of habitat destruction. Forests are biodiversity hotspots.

• Stakeholders in Forest Management:

  1. Local People: Depend on forests for firewood, fruits, medicines, and cattle grazing.
  2. Forest Department: Government body that owns the land and controls forest resources.
  3. Industrialists: Use forest produce as raw material (e.g., paper mills, timber industries).
  4. Wildlife and Nature Enthusiasts: Want to conserve nature in its pristine form.

• Chipko Andolana (चिपको आंदोलन):

  • A legendary grass-roots movement that began in the early 1970s in a remote village (Reni) of Garhwal Himalayas.
  • Villagers (especially women) hugged the trees to protect them from being cut down by contractors.

• Amrita Devi Bishnoi National Award:

  • Given by the Government of India for wildlife conservation in memory of Amrita Devi Bishnoi, who sacrificed her life along with 363 others to protect Khejri trees in KheJrali village near Jodhpur, Rajasthan.

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### 5. Water for All

• Water is a basic necessity for life and agriculture.
• Dams: Large barriers built across rivers to store water.
  • Advantages: Generate electricity (hydroelectric power), provide irrigation water, and control floods.
  • Disadvantages (Criticisms):
    • Social problems: Displacement of local people and tribals without adequate compensation.
    • Economic problems: Huge amounts of public money consumed with disproportionate benefits.
    • Environmental problems: Deforestation, loss of biodiversity, and disruption of aquatic life (migratory routes of fish).
• Water Harvesting (जल संग्रहण):
  • Ancient, low-cost technique to capture and store rainwater for future use.
  • Examples:
    • Khadins, Tanks, Nadis in Rajasthan.
    • Bhandaras, Bundhis in Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh.
    • Ahars, Pynes in Bihar.
  • Main Purpose: To recharge groundwater levels and provide drinking/irrigation water locally.

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### 6. Coal and Petroleum Management

• Fossil Fuels: Formed from the degraded remains of ancient plants and animals over millions of years.
• They are non-renewable (exhaustible) resources.
• Combustion Concerns: Burning fossil fuels releases large amounts of greenhouse gases (like $CO_2$) causing global warming, along with oxides of nitrogen and sulfur causing acid rain.
• We need to use them judiciously and shift towards alternative, renewable sources of energy (Solar energy, Wind energy, Hydro energy).