CBSE · Class 12 · Biology · Reproductive HealthWhat is Amniocentesis? Discuss its procedure, clinical significance, and the ethical/social issues associated with its misuse.

Introduction to Amniocentesis\nAmniocentesis is a prenatal diagnostic technique used to determine chromosomal abnormalities and developmental disorders in a developing fetus. It is based on the chromosomal pattern in the amniotic fluid surrounding the developing embryo.

Procedure of Amniocentesis

• A small sample of amniotic fluid is extracted from the amniotic sac surrounding the fetus using a hollow needle inserted through the mother's abdomen under ultrasound guidance.
• The fluid contains fetal cells which are isolated, cultured in a laboratory, and analyzed for chromosomal anomalies (like Down's syndrome, Turner's syndrome), genetic disorders (like cystic fibrosis, phenylketonuria), and sex determination.

Clinical Significance

• It helps in the early detection of genetic disorders and congenital defects before birth.
• Parents can make informed decisions regarding the continuation of pregnancy if a severe, untreatable genetic disorder is diagnosed.

Misuse and Ethical/Social Issues

• Female Foeticide: Amniocentesis is legally banned in India (PC-PNDT Act) because of its widespread misuse for prenatal sex determination leading to female foeticide.
• Discrimination: It promotes gender bias and skews the natural sex ratio in society.
• Ethical Dilemma: While it is a life-saving diagnostic tool for detecting genetic diseases, its unethical commercial use has raised severe moral and legal concerns.