CBSE · Class 12 · Biology · Reproductive HealthDiscuss the various categories of contraceptive methods available for birth control, highlighting one suitable example for each category.

Introduction to Contraceptive Methods\nAn ideal contraceptive should be user-friendly, easily available, effective and with least or no side-effects. It also should in no way interfere with the sexual drive, desire and/or the sexual act of the user. A wide range of contraceptive methods are currently available which can be broadly grouped into several categories.

Categories of Contraception

1. Natural/Traditional Methods:

   • These methods work on the principle of avoiding chances of ovum and sperm meeting.
   • Example: Periodic Abstinence, where couples abstain from coitus from day 10 to 17 of the menstrual cycle when ovulation is expected.

2. Barrier Methods:

   • In this method, ovum and sperms are prevented from physically meeting with the help of barriers.
   • Example: Condoms, which are barriers made of thin rubber/latex sheath that are used to cover the penis in the male or vagina and cervix in the female, also helping in preventing STIs.

3. Intra Uterine Devices (IUDs):

   • These devices are inserted by expert doctors or nurses through vagina into the uterus.
   • Example: Copper-T (CuT), which releases copper ions that suppress sperm motility and the fertilizing capacity of sperms.

4. Oral Contraceptives:

   • Pills containing small doses of either progestogens or progestogen-estrogen combinations used by females.
   • Example: Saheli, a non-steroidal oral pill containing centchroman, taken once a week with very few side effects.

5. Surgical Methods (Sterilization):

   • These techniques are terminal methods to prevent any more pregnancies in male or female partners by blocking gamete transport.
   • Example: Vasectomy, where a small part of the vas deferens is removed or tied up through a small incision on the scrotum in males.