CBSE · Class 10 · Social Science · Geography: Manufacturing IndustriesExplain the classification of manufacturing industries on the basis of various criteria such as raw materials, capital investment, ownership, and bulk and weight of finished goods.

Manufacturing industries are broadly classified into various categories based on different criteria to understand their structure, scale, and contribution to the economy. The detailed classification is as follows:

1. On the Basis of Source of Raw Materials Used

• Agro-based Industries: These industries obtain their raw materials from agriculture. Examples include cotton, woollen, jute, silk textile, rubber, sugar, tea, coffee, and edible oil.
• Mineral-based Industries: These industries use minerals as their raw materials. Iron and steel, cement, machine tools, and petrochemicals are prime examples of mineral-based industries.

2. According to Their Main Role

• Basic or Key Industries: These supply their products or raw materials to manufacture other goods. Examples include iron and steel, and copper smelting.
• Consumer Industries: These produce goods directly for consumer use. Examples include sugar, toothpaste, paper, sewing machines, and fans.

3. On the Basis of Capital Investment

• Small-scale Industry: The maximum investment allowed on the assets of a unit is up to one crore rupees.
• Large-scale Industry: If investment is more than one crore rupees on any industrial unit, it is known as a large-scale industry.

4. On the Basis of Ownership

• Public Sector: Owned and operated by government agencies, such as BHEL, SAIL, etc.
• Private Sector: Owned and operated by individuals or a group of individuals, such as TISCO, Bajaj Auto Ltd., and Dabur Industries.
• Joint Sector: Jointly run by the state and individuals or a group of individuals, such as Oil India Ltd. (OIL).
• Cooperative Sector: Owned and operated by the producers or suppliers of raw materials, workers, or both. They pool resources and share profits or losses, such as sugar mills in Maharashtra and the co-operative movement in Kerala.

5. Based on the Bulk and Weight of Raw Materials and Finished Goods

• Heavy Industries: These use heavy and bulky raw materials and produce heavy goods, such as iron and steel.
• Light Industries: These use light raw materials and produce light goods, such as electrical goods and toy manufacturing.